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  Quantum theory allows for an object to be in two different states at the same time. This is described as a super position state, which combines different observable states. But could this really be true? Or could the particle be in a very specific state, at a very specific location and we just can’t observe it?  The behavior of quantum objects has been discussed using a very simple classical theory. In 1985, the “Leggett-Garg Inequality” was first introduced as a way to measure quantum behavior. It states, in effect, any theory that describes particle behavior without the superposition states in quantum theory must  obey the Leggett-Garg inequality.   The inequality is  fulfilled by all macrorealistic physical theories.    macroscopic realism is a classical  world view    defined by the joining of these two hypotheses.  "A macroscopic object, which has available to it two or more macroscopically distinct states, is at any giv...

  When your laptop or iPhone overheats, it’s suffering from a nanoscale heat transfer issue. Trying to locate the problem can be nearly impossible.  The university of Rochester’s department of mechanical engineering is studying this dilemma. Assistant professor Andrea Pickel States, “ The building blocks of our modern electronics are transistors with nanoscale features. To understand which Parts are overheating, the first step is to get a detailed map. . . But you need something with scale resolution to do that.”  The current optical thermometry Techniques are out of date because they have limits on the spatial resolution that’s possible. Pickel and her team are using super resolution fluorescence microscopy methods used originally in biological imaging.  In a new article published in science advances, researchers revealed the process for mapping out heat transfer using luminescence nano particles. First, they apply highly doped Nanoparticles to the surface of a give...

  The (GIST) Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology has reported new findings in last month’s  Chemical Engineering Journal. Flowless zinc-bromine batteries could revolutionize the popular lithium batteries of today.  Fossil fuels are on the way out, and renewable resources like solar and wind are taking front stage. There are still disadvantages to this green energy, mainly unstable power creation and irregular power supply. Because of this, wind and solar use energy storage systems (ESSs).  Lithium-ion batteries are prone to fire. This is due to the electrolytes and lithium based materials being flammable. The flawless bromine battery (FLZBB) uses non flammable electrolytes. This is a new cost effective battery technology!  The FLZBB is comprised of four simple parts, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte and a separation to keep electrodes separate. Unlike old zinc-bromine batteries this new generation  is held in a gel like ves...

  Higgs boson is a fundamental particle that gives mass to other particles using the standard Model of particle physics. It’s created when the Higgs field is excited at the quantum level. The Higgs field is a scalar field That fills up the universe. It has two neutral and two electrically charged pieces. The Higgs boson is a wave in the Higgs field. It’s said To be like a bump in a jump rope when it’s twitched.  Higgs Boson has no electric charge or color, has zero spin and zero polarity. The particle is very unstable and decays into other particles almost immediately after creation.  Originally proposed in 1964 by Peter Higgs, François Englert, And four other theorists. Researchers established its existence in 2012.  They used ATLAS and CMS Experiments at the large hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland.  The discovery of the Higgs Boson established the existence of the Higgs field.  This was the last unverified part of the standard model of physics. ...

  Forever chemical’s scientific name is perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). They are a huge concern to our health and our environment.  Teflon was invented in 1938 and since then, perfluorinated polymers or PFs have been used in a wide variety of home appliances and housewares. This is due to their extraordinary stability and aversion to heat and water. It’s their stability, in fact, that creates such a huge dilemma. PFAS do not chemically break down naturally in the environment. This leads to build-up in the soil, water and even in the human body. The forever chemicals are even found in the soil and water of Antarctica. Plans  to remove them totally from production practices are still forth coming. Treatment of PF’s is taxing, as they only begin decomposition at 400°C.  Consequently, PFs and PFAS end up in landfills and contaminate soil. A room temperature deflorination practice is beginning. A study from Ritsumeikan University was recently published in the journal An...

  Magnetite is considered the most magnetic material on earth. It is found in areas that have iron and high methane flux, particularly on the seafloor. But it isn’t exactly clear; it’s created Either by microbes that live near methane seeps or by a process that doesn’t require life. Scientists can read magnetic records from the ancient seas. These records reveal tectonic activity, timing of earths poles, reversals, and other environmental changes of old. Back in 2014, Zhiyong Lin And others took two sedimentary cores from the south China. This area has methane seepage from underwater formations, like gas chimneys, and mud volcanoes. The team looked at many properties of the cores,  including genomic, magnetic, mineralogical, And geochemical. The purpose was to find the location of magnetite formation in the area. Researchers recognized a multitude of layers of grainy, magnetite crystals containing high levels of iron. The crystals were Likely formed in an environment high in i...

  Titanium will expand the periodic table. A new study released yesterday hopes to expand the periodic table with a search for element 120. It was made by crashing electrically charged titanium ions into Californium. When produced, the new element will move 120 protons in its atomic nucleus. This occupies a whole new row of the periodic table!  Researchers reported similar work in July  at the nuclear structure 2024 meeting in Illinois. They had created element 116, livermorium.  It was created by focusing a beam of titanium ions on two plutonium. After 22 long days of searching, work yielded two atoms of livermorium. This new experiment, where scientist attempt to create element 120 is feasible. Scientists guesstimate it could take approximately 10 times longer.  The periodic table has 118 chemical elements. The five heaviest elements were created by using a beam of calcium – 48. (That’s an isotope of calcium with 28 neutrons and its nucleus). Production of the...

  A recent study reveals how organic particles Considerably increased the redox potential of gold nanoparticles.  Redox is the process by which one molecule is reduced, and another is oxidized. The oxidation and reduction processes are considered complementary and involve electron transfer. The increase measures up to 71 mV. By Using computer computations And experiments, this new study calculates the necessary role of capping agents in dominating the nanoparticles electrochemical properties And also defines How kinetic properties can affect these reactions.  The research has experimental uses, already seen in particle distribution, ligand exchange, and progress and areas like electronics, catalyst and drug delivery.   The study was created at Hebrew University and was published by the journal of the American chemical Society. It divulges how organic nano particles can affect the behavior of gold particles absorbed on surfaces. The research expand the understanding o...

  Scientists at Berkeley lab and several other facilities have competently shown a new approach to discover innovative materials for quantum uses. This study was originally published in nature communications. Ultra fast computing is used to estimate the effects of hundreds of materials at a time. This provided a quick route to choosing materials based on their properties. Alex Weber-Bargioni , a Berkeley research scientist Reports “ In our approach, theoretical screening guides the targeted use of atomic scale fabrication.” He goes on to say, “ Together these methods open the door for researchers to accelerate the discovery of quantum materials with specific functionalities that will revolutionize computing, telecommunications, and sensors.”  Quantum research involves studying atomic scale reactions to process, transmit and encode information. One way to control the information is to create defects in materials. Further, these defects can be joined in the systems that enable q...

Rare earth magnetic materials have special properties. These properties occur because of electrons in the 4f shell. Controlling these magnetic properties was considered beyond the bounds of possibility until very recently.  A team from HZB, Berlin University and other researchers around the world have shown laser pulses influence these 4f Electrons and magnetic properties.  Experiments were performed at laboratories named EuXFEL and FLASH. They claim to have discovered a new way to store data using rare earth elements.  Rare earth magnets are The strongest magnets known. Their unique 4f Electrons are responsible for these magnetic properties. They also create a large magnetic moment that is consistent, even when their chemical surroundings change. This means that rare earth magnets can be used in a wide variety of compounds and alloys Without altering their very special magnetic properties.  These Teams at HZB, Berlin University, DESY and the European x-ray laser XFE...

Spintronics.  It uses the spin of an electron to represent binary data (0-1). Spintronics are adept at much higher speeds while requiring far less power than the traditional methods of using electron charges to represent data. It was originally developed in the 1920’s and reworked in the 1980’s by way of giant magnetoresonance (GMR). At the time, It was widely used in sensors and non- volatile memories, as it reads heads for disk drives.  Super conductors can enhance central effects in spintronics, such as magnetoresistance effects, spin lifetimes and dissipation less spin-currents. The simplest way to create a spin polarized current in a metal is to pass the current through a ferromagnetic material. There are a few other devices that are metal-based and use spintronics. These include tunnel magneto resistance  (TMR), where  movement is achieved by using quantum, mechanical tunneling of electrons through ferromagnetic layers.  There’s Spin transfer torque, where...

 Nanoparticles are used in drug delivery, electronics, and even in water purification. The ultra small size and the ability to manipulate their properties makes them exceptionally Valuable for research advancements. When polymers made from nanoparticles are worked together, the materials functions can be improved.  Organic nanoparticles (oNP) are far more Versatile chemically than inorganic nanoparticles. This allows for more biomedical and technical applications. In the past, the materials were limited as far as finding the correct chemical mates and understanding their mechanical properties.  A new study by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences studies the effects Of cross-linking oNP And hyperbranching. ( Hyperbranched polymers and polymer systems possessing a large number of branch points combined with relatively short chains in their molecular structures. ) These two mechanisms combine to create a very dense bonding network.  The study also shows h...

Superconductors conduct electricity Without resistance when cooled to a certain temperature, called critical temperature. They are used in power grids, maglev trains and medical imaging. High temperature super- conductors have critical temperatures higher than regular superconductors. They have huge potential in advancing superconductor technology. Research has shown the mechanisms involved in their superconductivity is not fully understood.  Copper oxides are  called cuprates. They are classified high temperature super conductors. Electrons and holes ( Space Left behind by electrons) are instituted into their unique crystal structure through a process called doping.  In a low doped state, With less electrons introduced for superconductivity, A pseudo gap is formed. This is a slight gap in the electron structure. This gap is considered the origin of superconductivity In these materials. Previous studies have observed a long range charge density wave (CDW). It appears in t...

  Quantum dots. They were awarded the 2023 Nobel prize in chemistry. They have a huge variety of uses, from displays and LED lights, to bioimaging and chemical reaction catalysts.  The semiconductor nano crystals are very small. So small, in fact, that their properties, like color, are size dependent, and they begin to show some quantum properties. This technology is well-developed, but only to the visible spectrum. There are big opportunities for technology to grow in both the ultraviolet and infrared Areas of the electromagnetic spectrum.  Research was published in Nature Synthesis showing that  the University of Illinois’s  bioengineering professor Andrew Smith and Wonseok Lee have developed mercury selenide (HgSe) and mercury cadmium selenide (HgCdSe). These nanocrystals absorb and emit in the infrared spectrum. They are made from already developed  visible spectrum Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) precursors. These new nano crystals keep the properties of the p...

 Batteries and LEDs are just two small examples of electronics in our daily lives. There is a continuous thrust to make them even more efficient and reliable. Because these devices are increasingly sophisticated, recording reliable temperature measurements inside an object has become exigent.  Measuring a device’s temperature is important for tracking performance and designing the materials of which it’s made. A new study from Osaka University is cutting edge. Neutrons have been used to measure temperatures quickly and accurately. This will lead to improvements for all kinds of electronics. This new method of estimating temperature inside the device uses a technique called Neutron Resonance Absorption (NRA). By looking at neutrons being absorbed by atomic nuclei at certain energy levels, the effects of the materials can be inferred.    Scientist generated high intensity laser beams to create neutrons. The neutrons were slowed to very low energy levels And passed thro...

  From the University of Basel, scientists have studied the ferromagnetic properties electrons in the 2-D semiconductor molybdenum disulfide. They discovered a surprisingly simple way of measuring the energy needed to flip an electron’s spin. Ferromagnetism Is an important physical phenomenon. It plays a necessary role in many technologies. It’s well known that iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic at room temperature. It’s because their electron spins are aligned in parallel. Only at very high temperatures, these materials lose their magnetic properties.  Professor Richard Warburton of the Department of Physics and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute of the University of Basel has  shown that molybdenum disulfide also exhibits ferromagnetic Properties under certain conditions. When exposed to an external magnetic field, for example, the electron spins in this material all point in the same direction. The latest study posted in Physical Review Letters, discusses the researcher...

  Researchers were taking pictures with the high-speed electron camera at the department of energy’s  SLAC national acceleratory laboratory And discovered a new behavior in a super thin material. It offers a hopeful approach to controlling light that will be useful for devices that detect, control or emit light.  These devices are called optoelectronic devices and researchers are Investigating how light is polarized inside its material. Optical electronic devices include LEDs, optical fibers, and its even used in medical imaging. Reported in Nano Letters that The team is being led by SLC Professor Aron Lindenberg. He discovered that when orientated in a specific direction and subjected to Terahertz radiation and an ultra thin layer of tungsten ditelluride (it has properties for polarizing light)- it circularly  polarized the incoming light!  Capturing a material’s behavior under Terahertz light requires a high-tech instrument recording at super fast speeds, and ...

  There is a new study from Michigan State University that defines atom misfits. It could potentially help design better superconductors for the future of electronics. The problem with more powerful, even smarter electronics and the shrinking size of the devices is the tools and techniques used in analyzing the materials that will Make them up with increasing precise practices.   Physicists at MSU have been diligently working on an extremely precise approach that combines microscopy and ultrafast lasers. Their technique was recently described in the journal Nature Photonics. It allowed scientists to recognize misfit atoms in semi conductors with exacting precision. In the world of semi conductor physics, some atoms are labeled “defects”. It sounds negative, but in reality, there are important to the output of today’s devices and will be of even more importance in the future. “ This is particularly relevant for components with nanoscale structures.” Said Tyler cocker, the Jerry...

  The four fundamental forces, or interactions of physics are the ways the individual particles interact with one another. Every single interaction in the universe can be explained by the small handful of interactions. Gravity: Of all the fundamental interactions, gravity has the farthest reach, but its actual magnitude is quite weak. 100% attractive force, which reaches through the empty void of space to draw two masses towards one another.  Gravitation is best described under the theory of general relativity. It is the curvature of space and time around an object of mass. That curve creates an environment, such that the path of least energy is towards another object of mass. Electromagnetism: Electromagnetism is the interaction of particles with an electrical charge. Charged particles at rest interact through electrostatic forces. In motion, they interact through both electrical and magnetic forces. In 1864 James Clark Maxwell joined both electrical and magnetic forces and i...

  A new study from Michigan Medicine’s Kresge Hearing Research Institute showed supranormal Hearing in mice, while supporting an idea about the case of hidden hearing loss in humans.  Researchers used similar methods as previous tests by increasing the amount of neurotrophic factor in the inner ear. This promotes the recovery of auditory responses In mice that previously experienced auditory trauma and improved hearing in middle-aged mice. This is the first study to use the same techniques in otherwise young mice to create improved  auditory processing. “ We knew that providing NTF3’s To the inner ear in young mice increased the number of synapses between inner hair cells and auditory neurons, but we did not know what having more synapses would do to hearing” said Gabriel Corfas director of Kresge Institute.  The research shows that animals with extra hairs in their ears have normal hearing, but can process the sound in supranormal ways. Inner Hair cells exist inside...

 A new study from the university of Zürich has found that live Music provides a stronger emotional response than listening to music from a device. Concerts are shown to closely connect Performers with the audience. Music Can have a strong effect on our emotions. Studies Show that listening to recorded music stimulates an emotional and imaginative process in the brain. But what happens at a folk concert or music festival? Zürich researchers conducted an elaborate experiment in which a pianist changed the live music they were playing to intensify the emotional reactions in the amygdala, The emotional center of the brain. During the experiment, researchers used magnetic resonance imaging to measure the activity in the amygdala Of the participants and the performer in real time.  Based on these measurements, the pianist, then immediately changed his performance to further intensify the audiences emotions. To compare reactions, the listeners were played a recording of the same musi...

  The electromagnetic force is referred to as electromagnetism. It is the joining of the electrostatic force and the magnetic force.  In the 1940s, It was explained as quantum electrodynamics or QED. In this understanding, the electromagnetic force is transferred by particles of light called photons. The relationship between electricity and magnetism is about the electrical charge and it’s motion. The electrostatic force causes changes to exert forces on each other in a relationship that is similar to gravity, yet far more powerful. It’s an inverse Square law, however, the intensity is not based on the mass of objects, but instead, the charge.  The electron contains a negative electrical charge, while the proton (In an atomic nucleus) has a positive charge. Historically, electricity is noted as the flow of electrons (negative charge) Through a wire. This flow is called the electric current. A wire with an electric current flowing through it creates a magnetic field. Simil...

 In both molecular physics and chemistry, the Van der Walls Force is a distance dependent interaction between molecules and atoms. It is unlike ionic or covalent bonds. This is because these attractions are not a result of chemical electronic bonds. The forces are correspondingly weak and are more susceptible to interference. The Van der Waals Force quickly disappears at longer distances between interacting molecules. Dutch physicist Johannesburg Diderik Van der Waals Was a schoolteacher who became the first physics professor at the University of Amsterdam. He won a Nobel prize in 1910 for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids. Van der Waals Forces play an important role in a diverse number of fields Including: Supra molecular Chemistry, structural biology, polymer science, nanotechnology, surface science, and even the underlying force in some organic compound and molecular solid research. If no other force is present, the distance between molecules at which force...

  Music and speech are two of the most frequent types of sound we hear. How do we identify what we think are the differences between them? Researchers have mapped a process through experimentation that offers insights to optimize therapeutic programs that use music to regain the ability to speak in addressing aphasia.  Language disorder affects 1 in  300 Americans each year, including Bruce Willis and Wendy Williams.  “Although music and speech are different in many ways, ranging from pitch to timbre, to sound texture, Our results show that the auditory system uses shrinking simple acoustic parameters to distinguish music and speech,” reports Andrew Change, lead author of the journal appearing PLOS Biology,  “Overall slower and steady sound clips of mere noise sound more like music while the faster and regular clips sound more like speech.”   Scientist use Hertz (Hz) As precise units of measurement. A larger number of hertz means a greater number of occurre...

  Gold nanoparticles have been intensely researched for decades due to their applications as catalysts and medicine.  “Surface ligands” are organic molecules Typically, present on the surface of gold nanoparticles. During synthesis, the surface ligands Play a huge role in controlling both size and shape of the nanoparticles.  For several decades Luis Liz-Marzan has studied growth  mechanisms, and physical properties of these nanoparticles. Numerous advances have been made recognizing the importance of surface ligands, However, many questions remain about their exact behavior during and after growth. Direct observation has been a long-term goal .  .  . For a long time!  Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Teams have begun to characterize Surface ligands By means of TEM in a liquid environment.  The team encapsulated gold nanorods Surrounded by ligands Routinely used in synthesis between two sheets of Graphene, creating a small liquid cell....

  From Aston University, researchers have sent data at an amazing Rate of 402 Tb per second, using commercially available optic fiber. This beats their March 2024 record of 301 Tb or 301,000,000 megabits per second. If one were to compare the Internet connection speed of Netflix, with its 3 Mb/s Or higher for watching an HD movie, the speed is a mind blowing hundred million times faster. The increased speed is due to the use of a wider spectrum, using six bands rather than four. This increases the capacity for data sharing. A huge worldwide team was assembled, led by the photonic network laboratory of the national Institute of information and communications technology,  in Tokyo.  The team reached the goal by creating its first optical transmission system using six wavelength bands O,E, S, C, L and U Used in fiber optics.  Aston University built a set of U-band Raman Amplifiers, which is the largest part of the wavelength spectrum. Conventional doped fiber amplifiers...

High electron mobility in a material is like an empty highway. Comparable to electrons that can flow through without any obstacles or congestion to slow or scatter them off their path. The higher the electron mobility, the more efficient is the electrical conductivity. This also means that less energy is lost or wasted as electrons zip through. Advanced nano materials  will dramatically display  high electron mobility, and have become essential for more effective and substantial electronic devices that will do more with less power.  Physicists at MIT and elsewhere have recently broken records with the level of electron mobility in the film of ternary tetradymite. This is a class of mineral that is naturally found in deep deposits of gold and quartz.  For this experiment, scientists grew pure ultra thin films of the material, in a specific way to minimize defects in the crystalline structure. This tiny film, much thinner than a human hair, was found to exhibit the hig...

  Oxidation of graphite and other carbonaceous materials creates a substance called graphene oxide. The most accepted structure consists of carbonyl and the carboxyl Group located at the edge of the Graphene network, and the hydroxyl and epoxy group attached to the basal plane. The percentage of O groups depends on the creation route and what material is used as a carbon source.  Highly oxidized fragments called oxidative debris (OD) are produced during the oxidation of graphene. The fragments are absorbed into the graphene oxide network and can be removed by alkaline washing. The newly discovered purified material has a lower OD ratio than Graphene oxide.  Due to its structure, graphene oxide can be adsorbed  at the air/water interface of an aqueous solution by diffusion, Gibbs Monolayers, or by spreading on a clean water subphase resulting in what’s called a Langmuir film.  Graphene oxide is very helpful for water treatment. It has actually been shown to have ...

 Nanotechnology is currently being used to control the release of medicine to specific cells in the body. Research has made public the idea that the same technology could be applied to agriculture to combat the current global food crisis. In a Review in Nature Technology,  scientists at UC Riverside and Carnegie Mellon Suggest the best policy for improving agriculture with nanotechnology. Scientist and researchers have had a difficult time transferring Nanotech to Plant science, specifically on a large scale. In the review, researchers discuss similarities to medicine that could be used for pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide delivery.  “We are pioneering targeted delivery Technologies based on coating nanomaterials with sugars or peptides that recognize specific proteins on plant cells or organelles.” Reports Juan Pablo Giraldo. “ This allows us to take the existing molecular machinery of the plant and guide desired chemicals to where the plant needs it, for example: the...

  Disposable cups, plastic bags, and packing materials are all examples of plastic used in our daily lives. They can, over time, become brittle and start shedding  small nano sized particles. They can be found in the soil, food chain, “and in the blood” says Meiru Wang from Leiden University.      “Plastics have been found in human placentas.”  Wang wanted to know what exactly happens when micro plastics end up in the blood of an embryo? “During an earlier study, we discovered that a high concentration of nanoplastics can cause malformations in the heart, eyes, and nervous systems of Chicken embryos. For a more complete understanding of the toxicity of nanoplastics, we first need more information about how they spread from the blood throughout the rest of the body.”  Scientists plan to use nanoplastics and other nanoparticles in drug delivery, so this information is imperative.  Because nanoparticles are so small, Wang and her team tagged the nano...

  Quantum entanglement is the occurrence of a group of particles that are created, interacting, or share spatial proximity in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of others, even when separated by a large distance. It is at the center of the disagreement between classical and quantum physics: Entanglement is the number one  feature of quantum mechanics not present in classical mechanics.  Particle position, momentum, spin and polarization are measurements of the physical properties of entangled particles, and sometimes they are found to be perfectly compatible.   Their behavior can be somewhat paradoxical, any measurement of a particles properties results in an apparent and irreversible wave function collapse Of that particle and changes to the original quantum state. With entangled particles, such measurements affect the entangled system as a whole. Einstein and others considered such behavior impossible, ...

  Researchers have found a green method for obtaining copper oxide from the Noni plant. Morinda citrifolia Is from Asia and the leaf extract is currently being used in this cutting edge research. The copper oxide nanoparticles Display bactericidal Properties. Moreover, antibacterial activity depends on the physical properties of the nanoparticles, size, structure, and concentration of copper oxide. Biochemists are studying ways to acquire these particles. Chemical and physical methods are widely known, but require the use of highly toxic chemicals. The new method is to use the biological approach, i.e. nanoparticles from plants, bacteria or fungi.  A RUDN biochemist, along with scientists from India, Korea and Saudi Arabia have reported producing copper oxide nanoparticles from Noni and reported it in Scientific Reports.  “ copper oxide nanoparticles are of interest in many areas of science. Biosynthetic nanoparticles are produced through the biological process from bacte...