Quantum Entanglement and Earth’s Rotation

 


A report mid June from the University of Vienna measured the effects of the rotation of Earth on quantum entangled photons. The scientists, led by Philip 
Walther published their research in Science Advances. 

The work is a huge accomplishment that expands the understanding of the sensitivity of rotation in entangled particles. This is where quantum mechanics and general relativity meet. 

A device called an optical interferometer is very sensitive to rotations. The device has been around since the early 1900’s, it helped Einstein establish the special theory of relativity. 

Today their precision makes the interferometer a first class tool for measuring rotational speeds, with the only limitations being the bounds of classical physics. Interferometers that use quantum entanglement theories have the potential to break these bounds. 

If two particles are entangled (or more) the overall state is known. However, any large leap in sensitivity is inhibited by the delicate nature of entanglement. This is where the experiments in Vienna come into play.

Scientists built a giant optical fiber Sagnac interferometer and kept the noise stable and low. The experiment lasted several hours.  The experiment showed that enough high quality entangled photons  were produced that the new interferometer outperformed the last interferometer built. The new interferometer is noted as outperforming by 1000 times!

In a Signac interferometer, two particles are traveling in opposite directions of a closed path. The two particles reach the starting point at different times. 

With entangled particles, they have a single particle testing both directions at the same time, while adding twice the time delay as compared to no quantum particles present. This quantum property is known as super-resolution. 

A difficult part of the study is finding the Earth’s exact rotational signal. 

“The core of the matter,” states Raffaele Silversti “lays in establishing a reference point for our measurement, where light remains uneffected by Earth’s rotational effect. Given our inability to halt the Earth from spinning, we devised a work around: splitting the optical fiber . . . And connecting them via an optical switch.”

Scientists could switch the rotation of the earth on and off. The experiment observed the effects of the rotation of earth on a maximally entangled two - photon state. This confirms the reciprocity between quantum entanglement and rotating reference systems as it’s described in Einstein’s special theory of relativity. The confirmation is made with a thousand fold precision over previous attempts. 

Haocun Yu, who worked on this experiment states, “That represents a significant milestone since, a century after the first observation of Earth’s rotation with light, the entanglement of individual quanta of light has fully entered the same sensitivity regimes.”

Philip Walter summarizes, “I believe our result and methodology will set the ground for further  improvements in rotation sensitivity of entanglement based sensors.” 

This will open the door for new testing of quantum entanglement through the loop of space and time. 


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