Quantum Chromodynamics

 


Quantum chromodynamics is the theory of force inside an atomic nuclei. A large part of QCD concerns how quarks and gluons are held within nucleons (protons and neutrons). 

The forces inside nucleons are similar to the force of gravity. However, there is a quantum effect called “trace anomaly” that can become prevalent in nucleons. They do not follow the same pattern of gravity. The quantum effect exhibited is actually the cause of balance between outward pressure inside nucleons and the force holding them together.

Research has surfaced that shows a trace anomaly can be measured while producing charmonium. This is a type of subatomic particle. It is currently being made at the Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory and the future Electron Ion Collider. The study was recently published in Physics Letters B. 

Through a combination of experimental quantification and theoretical calculations of the anomaly gives acumen into how mass and pressure are distributed in hadrons. Hadrons are particles that are made of quarks and gluons. 

Both hadrons and superconductors are described with the same mathematical frame work. It is also similar to the cosmological constant or “dark energy” in regards to pressure and energy in the expansion of the universe. 

Scientists can measure the trace anomaly and calculate the anomaly on the QCD lattice. This approach offers a way to probe and understand the dynamics of quantum chromodynamics in the future.

All of these examples show how the ideas of energy, pressure and confinement manifest from the super tiny to the cosmic scale. 


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